M.P. Coles, D.E. Pelinovsky and P.G. Kevrekidis
Excited states in the Thomas-Fermi limit: a variational approach
Nonlinearity 23, 1753-1770 (2010)
Abstract:
Excited states of Bose–Einstein condensates are considered in the semi-classical (Thomas-
Fermi) limit of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with repulsive inter-atomic interactions and a
harmonic potential. The relative dynamics of dark solitons (density dips on the localized
condensate) with respect to the harmonic potential and to each other is approximated using
the averaged Lagrangian method. This permits a complete characterization of the equilibrium
positions of the dark solitons as a function of the chemical potential parameter. It also yields
an analytical handle on the oscillation frequencies of dark solitons around such equilibria.
The asymptotic predictions are generalized for an arbitrary number of dark solitons and are
corroborated by numerical computations for 2- and 3-soliton configurations.
Keywords:
Gross-Pitaevskii equation, dark solitons, excited states, variational approximation